What are Temporomandibular Joint Disorders?

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ disorders) are dysfunctions in the joint functions resulting from intra- or extra-articular pathologies. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), located just in front of the external ear canal where the lower and upper jaws meet, between the mandibular fossa under the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle, is one of the most mobile joints.

Disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint impact a system that includes the teeth, cheeks, lips, salivary glands, and the muscles and ligaments of the head and neck. 

Temporomandibular joint problems are a group of diseases that require a collaborative approach from doctors across different specialties. 

 

What is Jaw Locking?

 

Jaw locking occurs when the cartilage tissue (disk) located at the joint head moves forward, preventing the patient from opening their mouth. 

 

What are the Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders?

 

People with temporomandibular joint disorders generally experience symptoms such as headaches, jaw pain, joint pain, jaw slipping, and sounds from the jawbone when eating or talking. In some cases, jaw dislocation or jaw locking may also occur. 

One of the most common symptoms is the feeling of pain, fatigue, or jaw restriction on the side of the jaw or the back of the head upon waking in the morning. In such situations, the patient may feel pain while opening their mouth or may not be able to open it at all. Jaw joint pain may subside during the day but can reappear later. 

TMJ disorders, more commonly seen in young and middle-aged individuals, especially women, manifest with symptoms such as sounds from the jawbone, headaches, earaches, jaw pain, ear ringing, chewing difficulties, and difficulty in opening the mouth.

 

How Does Jaw Locking Occur?

 

Jaw locking occurs when the cartilage tissue (disk) located above the jawbone moves forward. When this disk moves forward, the patient cannot open their mouth, experiences jaw restriction, and the jaw shifts toward the affected side, resulting in pain and jaw locking. 

 

How is Temporomandibular Joint Disease Diagnosed?

 

The diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders involves clinical and radiographic methods. The patient’s detailed complaints are listened to. Clinical examination covers both dental and muscle issues. Based on clinical findings, it is determined whether the disorder is muscle-related or intra-articular. Every patient should receive a jaw x-ray for radiographic evaluation.

If further investigation is required, an MRI is the first imaging method to be considered. In rare cases, a CT scan is performed.

 

What Causes Temporomandibular Joint Disorders?

 

The exact cause of temporomandibular joint disorders is not fully known.